The study covered three EN countries (Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan) and undertook trans-boundary, distributive and institutional analysis. It identified (1) challenges and opportunities associated with irrigation development in the EN sub basin; (2) trans-boundary irrigation development scenarios; (3) costs and benefits that will accrue across countries; (4) various levels and modes of cooperation, and (5) a process that could be adopted for cooperation in the Irrigation Drainage sector across the basin.